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Membrane technologies for industrial wastewater treatment
N. S. Petrova · 2026
The choice between hollow-fiber and spiral-wound modules is governed by the composition of the effluent. Hollow-fiber modules tolerate suspended solids better and allow backwashing, while spiral-wound ones are more compact and cheaper per unit of membrane area.
A practical criterion
Above 50 mg/L of suspended solids, spiral-wound modules require expensive pre-treatment and the price advantage disappears.
For reference only.
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